American culture values “rugged individualism” and “going it alone”; our need for warm human relationships is sometimes denied or viewed as a sign of weakness. Nevertheless, most of us try to achieve close personal ties with relatives, friends, and sexual partners, and some of us choose to have children as well. Such relationships can help give us a sense of our own value as human beings. They can also help satisfy a number of emotional needs. Each of us needs intimacy: A close, loving relationship allows us to express our thoughts freely and to feel that we can trust another person with our deepest feelings. Each of us needs reassurance of worth, the feeling that we are valued and considered special by the meaningful people in our lives. Each of us needs a sense of support the knowledge that there are people to whom we can turn for help. And each of us needs nurturance; we need both to care for other and to be cared for by others.
No one relationship can fill all of a person’s emotional needs. Regardless of whether a person is married or single, he or she also needs the special closeness and sense of sharing that can develop between friends, siblings, parents and children, and other relatives, sometimes even between coworkers. We are going to focus on marriage and parenthood, because they are options that are selected by many people in our culture who want to devote attention to other phases of long term relationships, including courtship and cohabitation (“living together”). And we will discuss the single lifestyle: today, not everyone assumes that the heterosexual married couple is the only natural and vital adult lifestyle, and the United States has a larger, more vocal and more political influential population of single people ever before.
Jumat, 17 April 2009
Sabtu, 21 Februari 2009
Can Cigarettes Create Physical Dependence?
The answer to this question is “probably yes-at least in some people. “ If a Person smokes and has not been able to break the habit, he or she may have a true physical
The Action Of Nicotine
Here’s how nicotine works in the body when a person smokes a cigarette. Inhaling cigarette smoke brings nicotine directly to the lungs, where it is transferred through the thin membranes of the lung tissue into the bloodstream. Pumped out through the aorta, one-fourth of the nicotine soon passes directly into the brain, where it stimulates nicotine receptors. As a result, the brain releases chemicals that, in turn, stimulate the cardiovascular system. The hearth beats faster and the blood pressure goes up.
Meanwhile, the remainder of the inhaled nicotine is carried in the bloodstream to the rest of the body, where it acts at a number of nicotine receptor sites in body cells. Not only does it stimulate the gastrointestinal tract, it also causes the adrenal gland to release epinephrine, causing the “fight or flight “ reaction . The hearth beat increases by fifteen to twenty five beat per minute; the pupils of the eyes and the bronchioles of the lungs dilate, and the blood vessels in the fingers and toes constrict . Thermograms, or heat pictures, of smoker’s hand and feet clearly show the drop in temperature in fingers and toes after a cigarette is smoke. Epinephrine also stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the tisues.
The Action Of Nicotine
Here’s how nicotine works in the body when a person smokes a cigarette. Inhaling cigarette smoke brings nicotine directly to the lungs, where it is transferred through the thin membranes of the lung tissue into the bloodstream. Pumped out through the aorta, one-fourth of the nicotine soon passes directly into the brain, where it stimulates nicotine receptors. As a result, the brain releases chemicals that, in turn, stimulate the cardiovascular system. The hearth beats faster and the blood pressure goes up.
Meanwhile, the remainder of the inhaled nicotine is carried in the bloodstream to the rest of the body, where it acts at a number of nicotine receptor sites in body cells. Not only does it stimulate the gastrointestinal tract, it also causes the adrenal gland to release epinephrine, causing the “fight or flight “ reaction . The hearth beat increases by fifteen to twenty five beat per minute; the pupils of the eyes and the bronchioles of the lungs dilate, and the blood vessels in the fingers and toes constrict . Thermograms, or heat pictures, of smoker’s hand and feet clearly show the drop in temperature in fingers and toes after a cigarette is smoke. Epinephrine also stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the tisues.
Kamis, 12 Februari 2009
Cigarettes Create Physical Dependence
What Psychological Presure Influence People To Smoke
It’s possible that some people use cigarettes, at least in part, as a drug to help them deal with psychological problems.
• Among men, those who have more emotional problems and are less sociable are more likely to keep smoking
• Smokers who are hard-driving, competitive, and overloaded with work are less likely to quit than those who are less driven
• Some smokers show a tendency to use other drugs. One expert says, “smokers consumes more coffee, more alcohol, more psychotropic (mind-altering) drugs, more marijuana, and more aspirin than do nonsmokers.”
SMOKING AND THINKING
You ‘ve seen it countless times , and if you smoke, you’ve certainly done it; student stand in the hall outside a classroom, smoking before an exam begins. Ask them why they do it, and many will say it makes them calm. Other will say that a cigarette helps them concrete. In fact, though, smoking may actually interfere with a person’s ability to think. That is the conclusion of a recent study in which a group of subjects were asked to recall a series of words they had had a chance to study before being tasted . Those subjects who were smokers were not able to remember as many of the words from the list as the nonsmokers could; the difference was statistically significant, furthermore, the smokers had less tendency to put the words from the list into logical categories as they wrote them down.
So if you know some one who smokes before taking an exam or facing any other situation that requires clear thinking , you might call attention to the fact that smoking reduces thinking. The person will do better without the cigarette.
It’s possible that some people use cigarettes, at least in part, as a drug to help them deal with psychological problems.
• Among men, those who have more emotional problems and are less sociable are more likely to keep smoking
• Smokers who are hard-driving, competitive, and overloaded with work are less likely to quit than those who are less driven
• Some smokers show a tendency to use other drugs. One expert says, “smokers consumes more coffee, more alcohol, more psychotropic (mind-altering) drugs, more marijuana, and more aspirin than do nonsmokers.”
SMOKING AND THINKING
You ‘ve seen it countless times , and if you smoke, you’ve certainly done it; student stand in the hall outside a classroom, smoking before an exam begins. Ask them why they do it, and many will say it makes them calm. Other will say that a cigarette helps them concrete. In fact, though, smoking may actually interfere with a person’s ability to think. That is the conclusion of a recent study in which a group of subjects were asked to recall a series of words they had had a chance to study before being tasted . Those subjects who were smokers were not able to remember as many of the words from the list as the nonsmokers could; the difference was statistically significant, furthermore, the smokers had less tendency to put the words from the list into logical categories as they wrote them down.
So if you know some one who smokes before taking an exam or facing any other situation that requires clear thinking , you might call attention to the fact that smoking reduces thinking. The person will do better without the cigarette.
Rabu, 11 Februari 2009
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
SOCIAL GROUPS TO SMOKE
Of course, advertising and high-powered public relations campaigns don’t act on all of us equally. If they did, we would all be smokers. Other social pressures and our own psychological needs influence us as well, making some findings about the role of peer pressure and other social pressure in smoking;
• Smokers tend to have mates who smoke. One study found, for example, that among young women smokers, 68% had boyfriend or husbands who smoke.
• Blue- collar men have the highest smoking rates of all the social class/sex categories. Among women workers, how ever , it is the white collar woman who high rates; more of them smoke than blue collar woman workers
• Although smoking among teenagers in general has decreased recently, smoking among teenage girls has increased. Recent survey data on adolescents smoking habits reveal that by ages seventeen to nineteen, smoking is more prevalent among females than among males.
It’s risky to make broad generalizations about the meaning of these statistics, but they do underscore;
1. How importance some blue collar men may feel it is to maintain although, macho image
2. How rapidly women’s behavior and self-image are changing in our society (this last may be reflected in the change in teenage girls’ smoking, too)
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