HISTORY OF SMOKING

Smoking refers to the inhaling of smoke from the burning tobacco in a pipe, a cigar, or most commonly, a cigarette. Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addicting drug. A number of diseases have been linked directly to smoking, and tobacco use kills 420, 000 smoker a year in united state, as well as 53, 000 non smokers a year, who die from diseases related to the passive inhalation of secondhand smoke.

History.

American Indians smoked pipes, and European explorers had carried the practice home by the early 1500s. By the late 1800s tobacco use was widespread, but people used only small amount. This change with the advent of the cigarette manufacturing machine, and in the 20^th century, as people smoked more, parallel increases in the rates of lung cancer and hearth disease occurred.

In 1964 a committee headed by the U.S. surgeon general issued a report concluding that most lung-cancer death are caused by cigarette smoking.

Health Effect.

Beside nicotine, cigarette smoke contains over 4,700 compounds, including carcinogens and industrial solvents, which cause heart disease, strokes, lung disease, and cancer.

Inhaling the hot, toxic fumes of tobacco smoke burns the linings of of air passages, impairing the respiratory system, which in turn, among other ill effects, reduces the smoker’s ability to fight of disease. The large particle in smoke form a corrosive tar that collects in the lungs, exposing the smoker to its dangerous constituent chemicals. A pregnant woman who smokes passes the toxic chemicals to her fetus low birth weight and spontaneous abortions have been linked to such behavior.

Chemical in burning tobacco (which include arsenic, cyanide, and carbon moxide) also pollute the air as secondhand smoke, which, according to a 1986 surgeon general’s report, is harmful in inhaled by nonsmokers. A1992 environmental Protection Agency report confirmed this and concluded that secondhand smoke annually causes 3,000 lung-cancer deaths in nonsmokers and up to 26,000 asthma cases in children. And in 1992 the American Heart Association reported that secondhand smoke kills about 37,000 people a year through heart disease.

TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE OF ESKIMO

The ability of the Eskimo to adapt successfully to a cold and harsh environment depended on a highly inventive material culture (Clothing sewn from skins, the toggle harpoon fashioned from ivory or antler and fitted with stone blades, the well known igloo, or snow house) and particular values and psychological traits. Broad cultural values stressed the importance and excitement of hunting. Courage and hardihood were emphasized in the training of young Eskimo, as was a strong sense of fatalism.

Settlement .

Settlement pattern varied according to the location, the time of year, subsistence opportunities. Permanent village of stone houses existed in Greenland and Alaska; along the Siberian shore village were made up of houses composed of driftwood and earth. In the central areas there were no such settled communities, although a given group might well return to the same fishing or hunting site year after year.

In all Eskimo areas an annual cycle took place in which group spent the winter together in which a larger settlement and then dispersed into smaller, family-sized bands during the summer for seal hunting, for fishing, or for collecting birds, eggs, and plants.

The Igloo (From the Eskimo word meaning ‘home’) was constructed of packed snow and used only during of winter, when villages of these structures were built on the fiorm ocean ice to facilitate seal hunting. Igloo were also used as temporary structures in Greenland and in parts of Canada and Alaska.

THE LAPPS

The Lapps are a European people without a formal homeland at their own. Numbering about 43,000, they inhabit the arctic and subarctic region of four countries; Norway, with around 20,0000 Lapps; Sweden with an estimated 17,000; Finland, with around 4,000; and the Soviet Union, with about 2,000.

The nama Lapp, from Finnish lappalainen, is a foreign term as far as these people are concerned. They prefer to be called Samit, their own name for themselves. The Lappish language belongs to the Finno-Ugric subfamily of the Ural-altaic language. It is thus unrelated to neighboring Scandinavian and Slavic languages with the exception of Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, and certain lesser-known tongoues. Finnish is the closest of these to Lappish, but the two are not mutually intelligible. Lappish itself divides into three large language groups-east, central, and south Lapissh.

The origins of the Samit are still uncertain, but they may be the oldest postglacial inhabitants in the far North. Originally living as hunters, gatherers, and fishing people, some become pastoralist by the middle ages at the lates. They have been Christian since the 1600s.

Reindeer herding remains their most distinctive occupation. Reindeer herders today may frequently be seen in the traditional costume of colorful, decorated tunicand tasseled hat. Most Samit today, however, dress like other Europeans and live mostly in permanent houses and seasonal herding migrations. Many Samit live in fishing communities along artic coasts and inland waters. Others havelived for generations as settled farmers. Some work at mining or forestry.

Japan Original Tribe (Ainu)

The Ainu are an aboriginal people of the northern Pacific, who live principally on Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan, and in the southern part of Soviet island is Sakhalin. Until recently, they also occupied the Sovyet Kuril island , where their population is now extinct. The Ainu population is rapidly dwindling is result of intermarriage of and cultural assimilation by the Japanese. Only a small percentage of the estimated 12. 000 Ainu on Hokkaido and 600 on Sakhalin are of unmixed descent.

Unlike other East Asian people, Ainu possess wavy brunette hair, light skinned complexions, and abundant body hair. They also lack the epicanthic fold of skin over the upper eyelids, a mongoloid racial characteristic. Their language is unrelated to any known Asian linguistic family.

The Ainu, a hunting and gathering people, formerly lived throughout the Japanese archipelago but were gradually pushed north to their present location by the invading Japanese. The men used the bow and arrow to hunt bear, deer, fox, otter, and other land animals during the winter.

In summer they fished the sea and rivers. The women gathered wild foods such as roots, berries, mushrooms, and nuts and also engaged in small-scale agriculture based on crop rotation.

Traditionally the Ainu traced their genealogical descent through both parents, and the family was the most important social and economic unit. The men were skilled woodcarvers ; women were experts in embroidering and weaving.

They had many songs, games, epic tales, and riddles, and their chief musical instruments were the drum and flute. Their highly animistic religious belief includes many gods of the mountains, land, sky, and sea. Most important the bear cult which each year culminated in an elaborate ritual sacrifice of a captive bear raised from a cub in the Ainu community.

FASHIONS IN COLLECTING

Fashions in collecting shift focus from time to time, reflecting the taste of the period. In recent years the increasing interest in simple design has led many collectors to concentrate on Folk Art. The unadorned , simple lines of shaker chairs and chest for example, attract many collectors. Ceramics, metalwork, glassware, and hand woven textiles were the major media for folk artist of the past. Today collectible pieces are more the product of trained artist.

Although it is tempting to consider antique collecting a relatively modern phenomenon, documents prove that beautiful old objects have always been of interest. in ancient Rome new and old decorative wares were put on the auction block at the same sales. In the Renaissance, collection of curiosities include venerated objects, mainly valued because they were owned by important or famous people, but fine examples of the various decorative arts also found their way into princely collections.

Art dealers of the 17^th century offered paintings, sculpture, and precious silver objects that wre both old and new, a tradition that continued for century. Shops advertising antiques are found listed in New York City directories as early as 1840s. A dealer named Sypher sold old and new furniture at a time when the rococo and Renaissance revivals were just being introduced. The early interest in antique furniture was not restricted to American cities; it was based on appreciation of the design of early pieces rather than on their associational value. The first books on antique collecting began to appear in the 1870s since then, collecting has been characterized by a continuing refinement of interest and knowledge and a broadening of public participation.

Barbarian

The name Berbers refers to the descendants of the pre-Arab populations of north Africa from the Egyptian frontier to the atlantic and from the Mediterranian coast of Niger. The term comes from the derogatory Greek word for non-Greek and was taken into both latin and Arabic , yielding the English term barbarian.

Berbers speaks variations of a single language, berber, which belong to the Hamito-Semitic language family. They call themselves by some variant of the word amazigh, whish means ‘free man’, and have no sense of community or ethnic unity beyond their tribal affiliations, which notably include the Kabyle of Algeria, the Riffians and Shluh of Morocco, and the Tuareg of the Sahara.

Although their origin unknown, Berber-speaking peoples are thought to have moved into North Africa, probably from the near east, before 200 BC. From c. 600BC, Berber land was invanded by various group, including Carthaginians , Romans, Vandals, and Turks. With he Arab conquest of North Africa in the second half of the 7th century, the Berbers converted to Islam. For a while they fought alongside the Arabs and extended the frontiers of Islam into Spain, but later began to break away from orthodox Islam and Arab Hegemony. They chose a heresy known as Kharijsm, which is still practiced in part of Tunisia and Algeria.

Many feature of early pagan religion have also survived under the guise of orthodox Islam. Christianity disappeared among them in the 12th century, but Judaism, which made proselytes before Christianity, has survived to the present day.

Berbers speakers , who today number over 5 milion, are distributed through Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, and the western Sahara.

Cleopatra Style

Many model of costume when you would like to make a show or exhibition or on certain celebration of your bird day or other kind of celebration. This costume style is a kind of luxurious dress model with a moderate price look to the design below if you are interested to order this model. There are many Cleopatra design that available but this is just the sample of costume that may suitable with your party. The price of this costume is $134.99, other design price around from $ 32 to $ 150.

Robe yourself in this luxurious Cleopatra costume that'll make you feel like the Queen of the Nile! The party needs a legendary and historic Queen of Egypt, doesn't it? It's up to you, Your Majesty!This costume includes a full-length satin gown with attached waist sash, gold apron drop, sequin collar, long cape and beaded headpieces.Cape: Polyester, Dress: 97% Polyester, 3% PVC, Machine Wash Cold. Gentle Cycle. Dry Clean.

Body Type and Suitable Dress

Body woman usually will change after they gave bird, at the beginning their body is slim but the changes will goes on and the following women body shape will form. The overall body shape typically fits into one of the following four categories: apple, pear, plus-size, and boyish.

Apple Shaped:
For woman who has an apple body shape doesn’t wear empire-waist tops. Wear blouses that fit at the bust, but are not too clingy. Menswear is trendy this season and will give you the fit you desire. The delicate balance of masculine and feminine touches also looks great with suits.
Pay attention to the collars of tops; your best bets are v-neck, boat, and collared, detail around the neck area elongates the neck. Match your upper half with pants that are either normal or wide-leg to create the perfect proportion.

Pear Shaped:
For woman who has a pear body shape better wear a dress with fitted tops, knit are a great option, to emphasize the smallest part of the body. Black and slimming on the top makes look small all over. .Pair tops with low rise pants to balance out the complete fall look.
Better not wear anything too clingy on lower half, better dress in a line skirts and dresses that rest around the knee. A darker bottoms and play with prints, colors, and patterns on the top and wear handbags above the hip.

Plus Size Shape:
For woman who has a plus size better not wear oversized clothing, as it will make look larger. The stylish trapeze dresses this fall are not the best opinion for this body type. Create attention to the waist by cinching it at the smallest part with a great scarf of low slung leather belt.Body with plus size shape model have more model that suitable with the body, play with patterns and color, including metallic, but remember to match the size of the patterns to the body size and the chosen color to your complexion.